A expansão urbana da cidade do Salvador e os seus mananciais: estabelecendo paralelos

O sítio escolhido para implantação da cidade de Salvador se caracteriza por ser um reservatório natural de águas, sempre renovadas pelo clima úmido e pelo elevado índice pluviométrico. A população de Salvador que no inicio do século XX não chegava a 300 mil habitantes, no final ultrapassava dois milhões. Por outro lado, ao tempo em que a área urbana se amplia, a cidade segue em busca de atender às demandas de água da sua população, porém deixando para trás problemas ambientais de grande monta. Utilizando-se de fontes secundarias, este estudo descreve, a partir de recortes temporais, como ocorreu o abastecimento d’água nesta cidade. Sua expansão física e populacional deu-se associada ao desenvolvimento econômico, entretanto, as políticas de abastecimento hídrico não corresponderam às necessidades da sua população ao longo dos séculos, impactando assim de forma negativa na sua qualidade ambiental, confirmando um processo de urbanização perverso, marcado pela exclusão social.The site chosen for the implantation of the city of Salvador characterizes for being a natural water reservoir, always renewed by the humid climate and the elevated pluviometer index. Salvador’s population that, in the beginning of 20th century didn’t reach 300 thousand habitants, in the end would pass 2 millions. On the other hand, while the urban area grows, the city seeks to supply the water demands of its population, although leaving behind large scale environmental problems. Utilizing second sources this study describes, from time periods, how the water supply occurred in this city. The physical and population expansion were given to economic development, however the water supply politics didn’t correspond the needs of its population out the centuries impacting in a negative way on its environment quality, and witch means we satiate a perverse process of urbanization, marked by social exclusion

Determinants of bone mineral density in post-menopause

Pós-menopausa é período de maior perda óssea e faz-se necessário instituir medidas preventivas que amenizem sua progressão. Objetivo: correlacionar o escore da densidade mineral óssea (DMO) e seus fatores de risco, buscando determinar aqueles que mais a influenciam. Método: estudo transversal, descritivo de 62 mulheres na pós-menopausa, saudáveis, idade média de 56,82 ± 4,02 anos, avaliadas quanto aos fatores de risco para osteoporose e nível de atividade física. Absorção de dupla energia de raios-X (DXA) avaliou coluna lombar e fêmur proximal. Os grupos, DMO normal e diminuída, foram analisados pelos testes T de Student, qui-quadrado e correlações. Resultados: Mulheres com menor índice de massa corporal (IMC), maior idade e maior tempo de menopausa apresentaram menor DMO em fêmur. Raça negra e ausência de história familiar correlacionaram-se com maior DMO. Conclusão: IMC, idade, peso, história familiar de osteoporose, raça e tempo de menopausa foram os principais fatores determinantes da DMO em mulheres na pós-menopausaPost-menopause is the period of greatest bone loss and it is necessary to introduce preventative measures to mitigate its progression. Aim: compare the score of bone mineral density (BMD) and their risk factors and to determine those most influencing. Method: Cross-sectional, descriptive study of 62 postmenopausal women, healthy, average age 56.82 ± 4.02 years, evaluated for risk factors for osteoporosis and physical activity level. Absorption dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) evaluated lumbar spine and proximal femur. Groups, normal and reduced BMD were analyzed by Student’s t test, chisquare and correlations. Results: Women with lower body mass index (BMI), older age and longer duration of menopause had lower BMD at the femur. Black race and absence of family history correlated with higher BMD. Conclusion: BMI, age, weight, family history of osteoporosis, race, and time since menopause were the main determinants of BMD in postmenopausal wome

Acute Effects of L-Arginine Supplementation on Oxygen Consumption Kinetics and Muscle Oxyhemoglobin and Deoxyhemoglobin during Treadmill Running in Male Adults

International Journal of Exercise Science 12(2): 444-455, 2019. L-arginine is used as a nitric oxide related supplement intended to improve sports performance, and to enhance muscular recovery during exercise. However, the literature is inconclusive. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of acute oral L-arginine supplementation on O2 consumption kinetics and local muscle blood volume and oxygenation during treadmill running at two different intensities. Using a double-blind, crossover and placebo-controlled design, 11 young healthy male adults were randomly assigned to 6 g of L-arginine (ARG) or placebo (PLA) supplementation that was ingested 60 min before the exercise test. Tests consisted of treadmill run at two different intensities (5 min each; moderate, 90% of ventilatory threshold, VT; and heavy, 50% of the difference between VT and VO2peak) interspersed by 1-min walking. Respiratory gas exchange variables were measured continuously with an automated metabolic cart. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to continuously monitor muscle oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin and total hemoglobin. Blood samples were collected before supplementation and 6 min after exercise. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA did not show differences in plasma nitrite concentrations between ARG or PLA conditions during the running tests. No significant differences were observed between ARG and PLA conditions for O2 kinetics as well as for NIRS variables. ARG supplementation does not improve physiological responses associated with oxygen cost and NIRS variables during running treadmill tests. Hence, our results do not support the use of L-arginine as an ergogenic aid for running performance in young healthy males

LIMITAÇÕES ENCONTRADAS PELOS DOCENTES DA REDE PUBLICA ESTADUAL DE COLORADO DO OESTE NO USO DA METODOLOGIA DE AULAS PRÁTICAS NO ENSINO DE BIOLOGIA

This work is the result of the observations about the reaction of students on practical classes held in supervised internship period. It has a methodological design of case study where a questionnaire was administered mixed composition to all biology teachers from middle-level state schools in Western Colorado a total of four professionals also had the documentary survey over the course of the project and annual plans of the teachers. It was concluded at the end that the possibility of using practical classes this level of education enhances learning, making it more effective and integrated reality despite the basic or poor physical infrastructure used for its realization.Este trabalho é fruto de constantes observações acerca da reação dos discentes a respeito de aulas práticas realizadas no período de estagio supervisionado. Conta com um delineamento metodológico de estudo de caso onde foi aplicado um questionário de composição mista a todos os docentes de biologia das escolas estaduais de nível médio de Colorado do Oeste num total de quatro profissionais, contou também com o levantamento documental sobre o projeto do curso e os planejamentos anuais dos professores. Conclui-se ao final que a possibilidade da utilização de aulas práticas neste nível de ensino potencializa o aprendizado, tornando-o mais eficaz e integrado a realidade apesar da infraestrutura física básica ou precária utilizada para sua realização

The anti-inflammatory and antitumor effects of medicinal plants: Arctium lappa, Solanum torvum and Lobelia inflata

Introduction: Medicinal plants have been used since antiquity to treat illnesses and injuries. Considering their global use, many natural products have been investigated with the aim to get new drugs. Methods: The search was based on relevant articles indexed in PubMed, Scielo and Scopus. The search terms used were: medicinal plants, Arctium lappa, Solanum torvum, Lobelia inflata, anti-inflammatory effects, antimicrobial activity and antitumor effects. Development: Arctium lappa leads to the inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and nitric oxide (NO) production and inhibits the growth of some tumor cell lines. Solanum torvum can promote inhibition of inflammatory mediators release, and reduces the melanoma formation. Lobelia inflata can reduce the number of white blood cells, the TNF-α and IL-6 levels and the melanoma growth. Conclusion: The active principles present in these medicinal plants, including flavonoids and other phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity, can scavenge free radicals and therefore be effective against tumors, such as melanoma and skin cancer

First record of Anastrepha pseudanomala Norrbom (Diptera: Tephritidae) and its host in Brazil

Anastrepha pseudanomala Norrbom was reared in fruits of Couma utilis (Apocynaceae), and also collected in McPhail traps in Ferreira Gomes county, State of Amapá, Brazil.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Synthesis and characterization of fructosyltransferase from Aspergillus oryzae ipt-301 for high fructooligosaccharides production

Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are mainly produced by microbial fructosyltransferases (FTase, E.C.2.4.1.9), and Aspergillus oryzae IPT-301 has shown high fructosyl transferring and low hydrolytic activities, which leads to high FOS production yields, but the main operating parameters for its best performance have been scarcely studied. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the cellular growth, production and characterization of mycelial and extracellular FTases by Aspergillus oryzae IPT-301. Experimental design showed that the extracellular FTase performance was optimized (high transfructosylation activity and low hydrolytic activity) for reaction pH 5.5 - 6.75 and temperature of 45-50 °C and was fitted by the Michaelis-Menten model, while the mycelial FTase showed better performance at pH below 6.5 and temperature above 46 °C and was better fitted by the Hill model. The results obtained showed that the fungus represents a promising source for FOS production on a laboratorial scale.The authors gratefully acknowledge The State of Minas Gerais Research Foundation (FAPEMIG, Process APQ-02131-14) for providing financial support and the Institute for Technological Research (IPT/SP)/Programa Novos Talentos, through an individual research grant attributed to Cristiane Angélica Ottoni.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Development and validation of a simple and rapid capillary zone electrophoresis method for determination of nnrti nevirapine in pharmaceutical formulations

A simple and fast capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method has been developed and validated for quantification of a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) nevirapine, in pharmaceuticals. The analysis was optimized using 10 mmol L-1 sodium phosphate buffer pH 2.5, +25 kV applied voltage, hydrodynamic injection 0.5 psi for 5 s and direct UV detection at 200 µm. Diazepam (50.0 µg mL-1) was used as internal standard. Under these conditions, nevirapine was analyzed in approximately less than 2.5 min. The analytical curve presented a coefficient of correlation of 0.9994. Limits of detection and quantification were 1.4 µg mL-1 and 4.3 µg mL-1, respectively. Intra- and inter-day precision expressed as relative standard deviations were 1.4% and 1.3%, respectively and the mean recovery was 100.81%. The active pharmaceutical ingredient was subjected to hydrolysis (acid, basic and neutral) and oxidative stress conditions. No interference of degradation products and tablet excipients were observed. This method showed to be rapid, simple, precise, accurate and economical for determination of nevirapine in pharmaceuticals and it is suitable for routine quality control analysis since CE offers benefits in terms of quicker method development and significantly reduced operating costs.Um método simples e rápido por eletroforese capilar foi desenvolvido e validado para a quantificação do inibidor não nucleosídeo da transcritase reversa (NNRTI) nevirapina, em medicamentos. A análise foi otimizada utilizando tampão fosfato de sódio 10 mmol L-1, pH 2,5, voltagem aplicada de +25 kV, injeção hidrodinâmica a 0,5 psi por 5 s e detecção UV em 200 µm. Diazepam (50,0 µg mL-1) foi usado como padrão interno. Sob estas condições, nevirapina foi analisada em aproximadamente menos de 2,5 min. A curva analítica apresentou um coeficiente de correlação de 0,9994. Os limites de detecção e quantificação foram 1,4 µg mL-1 e 4,3 µg mL-1, respectivamente. Precisões intra e inter-dia expressas como desvio padrão relativo foram 1,4% e 1,3%, respectivamente e a recuperação média foi de 100,81%. O fármaco foi submetido a testes de hidrólises (ácida, básica e neutra) e a estresse oxidativo. Não foi observada interferência por parte dos produtos de degradação, nem dos excipients na análise da nevirapina. Este método mostrou ser rápido, simples, preciso, exato e econômico para a determinação de nevirapina em produtos farmacêuticos e é apropriado para o controle de qualidade em análise de rotina uma vez que a eletroforese capilar oferece benefícios em termos de desenvolvimento rápido dos métodos e custos muito reduzidos de operação.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi community and glomalin in dry forest ecosystems, Brazil

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a abundância e diversidade de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA), bem como a produção de proteína do solo relacionada á glomalina (PSRG) (GT- glomalina total; GFE – glomalina facilmente extraível) em ecossistemas de Mata Seca no Norte de Minas Gerais. As amostras de terra foram coletadas em áreas com diferentes estádios de sucessão (inicial, intermediária, tardia e pasto) no Parque Estadual da Mata Seca no município de Manga, MG. A amostragem foi inteiramente casualizada, sendo coletadas três amostras simples para constituir uma composta, em um total de nove amostras compostas por área de estudo. Verificou-se que as áreas em inicio de sucessão (estádio inicial e pasto) estão estimulando a produção de propágulos de FMAs (esporos e biomassa de micélio externo), bem como a sua diversidade (riqueza total e índices de Shannon e Pielou) e produção de PSRG, as quais se encontram equivalentes ou superiores as áreas em estádios mais avançados (intermediário e tardio) de sucessão. Tal padrão pode contribuir para o estabelecimento de espécies vegetais de início de sucessão, que costumam apresentar elevada dependência micorrízica, e consequente avanço do processo sucessional.This study aimed to evaluate the abundance and diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and production of soil protein related to Glomalin (PSRG) (GT- Total Glomalin; GFE - easily extractable Glomalin) in Dry Forest ecosystems in North of Minas Gerais. The soil samples were collected in areas with different stages of succession (early, middle, late and pasture) in the Dry Forest State Park in the municipality of Manga, MG. Sampling was completely random, and three simple samples were collected to form a composite sample in a total of nine composite samples by study areas. The production of AMF propagules (spores and mycelial biomass external), their diversity (total wealth and Shannon and Pielou indices) and PSRG production were stimulated in early succession areas (early stage and pasture), which were equivalent or better to areas in more advanced succession stages (intermediate and late). Such pattern may contribute to the establishment of early succession plant species, which often have high mycorrhizal dependency, and consequently advance the successional process.Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale